干货 | 医博英语考试实用写作技巧（四）如何表达因果关系
医博英语考试中，因果关系的表达是写作的核心技能之一，涉及名词词组、副词、连接词及动词等多种语言结构，用于清晰呈现事件之间的逻辑联系。
关键要点
- 因果关系可通过名词（如reason for, result of）、副词（如therefore, consequently）和连接词（如because, since）等多类词汇表达。
- 动词如cause、lead to、result in、affect等常用于构建主谓宾结构的因果句式，需注意主宾语搭配与语态选择。
- 汉语中隐含的因果逻辑在英语中需显性化，使用恰当连接手段避免句子松散，提升逻辑连贯性。
- 同一因果含义可用多种句式表达（如so...that、due to、as a result），考生应掌握其语法差异与适用语境。
- 医博英语写作强调专业语境下的准确表达，例如‘影响健康’可译为have an impact on health或affect health，需根据正式程度选择。
小白老师说：因果关系是任何写作的最基本任务之一，是说理、议论的基石。我们要掌握以下基本表达方式：
名词词组
cause for
consequence of
effect on
explanation of
factor for
influence on
reason for
result of
副词及词组
accordingly
as a consequence
as a result
because of
consequently
due to
owing to
so
therefore
thus
连接词
as / because / since / so / so that
动词及词组
affect
cause sb. to do
cause sht. to happen
have an effect on
have an impact on
have an influence on
lead to
make sb. do sth.
make sth. happen
result from
result in
如何表达“产生、引起、造成、使得”
例句：
- 自然化学反应造成食物软化或变色。
Natural chemical reactions cause foods to become soft or discolored.
Natural chemical reactions make foods (become) soft or disc colored.
- 这种化学物质引起的健康问题一般不严重。
The health problems caused by this chemical usually are no severe.
The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.
This chemical does not cause serious health problems.
- 锻炼似乎可以减少体内雌激素（estrogen）的产生。
Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to result in / lead to the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.
- 该病常常造成患者死亡。
This disease often causes its victims to die.
This disease often makes its victims die.
This disease often results in / lead to the death of its victims.
This disease often kills its victims.
- 这是因为它产生的症状与其他疾病相似。
This is because it produces / causes / brings about / results in signs like many other sicknesses.
如何表达“影响”
例句：
- 他们研究该蛋白如何影响动物。
They study how the protein affects animals.
They study what effects / impacts the protein has on animals.
- 心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。
Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already had a negative effect / impact / influence on the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already affected the normal life and work of college students.
- 不良生活方式和行为受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。
Since unhealthy living styles and behaviors are influenced / affected by social and mental factors, they can be dealt with / corrected only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviors are under the influence of social and mental factors, they can be treated only by general medical services.
- 其实早餐对人体健康、学习和工作效率有着直接的影响。
In fact, breakfast has a direct effect / impact / influence on one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.
- 公立医院的服务问题，一直影响着医患关系实现正常化。
The service problems in public hospitals have always had a harmful impact / effect / influence on the normal relationship between doctors and patients.
The service problems in public hospitals have always been doing harm to the normal relationship between doctors and patients.
- 忽视人的心理社会背景，就会影响医疗服务的质量。
If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.
Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.
Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.
If a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he cannot provide good medical services.
句子中暗含的因果关系该如何表达
除了上面两组有明显的文字表示的因果关系以外，大部分汉语中的因果关系都没有明显的文字表示，而是暗含在上下文中，而且可以用多种的英语表达方式来表达，考生们要注意同一意念的多种表达方式及语法要点。中国学生写英语，一个常见的毛病是句子很散，没有连接词语将有逻辑联系的句子连接起来。现在我们就从学习因果关系的表达开始，学习把句子用连接词语连接起来。
例句：
- 管理不善，问题很多。
Those problems resulted from / were caused by the poor management. （注意！使用result in 和result from, 前后的主语及宾语都必须用名词或名词词组）
The poor management resulted in / caused / led to many problems. （注意！result in 和result from的前后因果关系正好相反）
Because of / Due to the poor management, they had many problems.
Because the management was very poor, they faced many problems.
The management was so poor that they met with many problems. (注意！so that 常常分开用)
The management was very poor, so they had many problems.
The management was very poor. As a result, they had many problems. （注意！as a result 是副词性词组，不能连接两个分句，前面要用句号）
- 这个问题（情况）很严重，我们不得不制定相关法律来解决。
The problem (situation) is so serious that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
The problem (situation) is very serious so that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
- 现在许多农村人觉得看西医很贵，在大多数情况下他们更愿意去看中医。
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is so expensive that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is too expensive so that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Because many rural people think treatment of western medicine is very expensive, they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
- 艾滋病传播得很快，已成为对社会的重大威胁之一。
AIDS spreads so quickly that it has become a dangerous threat to our society.
AIDS spread very quickly so that it has become a danger to our society.
Since AIDS spreads very quickly, it has become a great threat to our society.
- 人人都应养成保持公共卫生的良好习惯，这样我们就能有一个干净整洁的生活、工作、游玩的环境。
Every person should develop a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have clean and comfortable surroundings in which we live, work and play.
Every person should keep a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work and play.
If every person keeps a good habit to maintain public sanitation, we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work and play.
- 卫生资源短缺使他们的处境很困难。
The shortage of medical resources put them in a very difficult position.
The shortage of medical resources made their conditions / situation very difficult.
The shortage of medical resources made them very difficult.
The shortage of medical resource caused a great difficulty for them.
The shortage of medical resources brought about/ led to / resulted in a great difficulty for them.
They shortage of medical resources caused them to be in a difficult situation.
- 医生粗心大意，就容易犯错误。
Carelessness of a doctor is likely to lead to / cause / result in mistakes.
When a doctor is careless, it is likely for him to make mistakes.
A doctor may probably make mistakes just because of carelessness.
- 医院之间的竞争十分激烈，大家都为了留住病人，纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。
As / Because / Since the competition between hospitals grows increasingly fierce / intense / stiff, hospitals are taking effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.
The fierce competition causes hospitals to / make hospitals take effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.
- 人口的数量迅速增加，恶化了城市的卫生条件。
The rapid increase of city population resulted in / lead to / cause poorer sanitary conditions.
Because the city population increased rapidly, the sanitary conditions in the city became worse and worse.
As a result of rapidly increased population, the sanitary conditions in the city became poorer.
- 环境、教育不同，人的性格也不同。
Different environments and educations result in / lead to different personalities.
Different personalities result from / are caused by different environments and educations.
Because of different environments and educations, people can develop different personalities.
As / Since / Because people live in different environments and receive different educations, their personalities are different.
- 误诊是可怕的，往往会导致悲剧。
A terrible misdiagnosis often results in / leads to a tragedy.
A misdiagnosis can be terrible, for it results in / leads to a tragedy.
A tragedy often results from / is often caused by a terrible misdiagnosis.
- 疾病能给人类造成巨大损失。
Illness can result in / lead to a great damage / loss to human beings.
A great damage / loss to human beings can result from / be caused by fire.
- 据专家分析，城市空气污染70%以上是由汽车造成的。
According to experts’ analysis, more than 70% of air pollution in cities results form / is caused by autos.
- 洋快餐方便快捷、口味不同、环境舒适，所以在大城市很流行。
The convenience, different flavors and comfortable surroundings / environment of the western fast food centers result in their popularity in big cities.
The foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different flavor and comfortable surroundings / environment. Therefore, it is very popular in big cities.
Because the foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different flavor and comfortable surroundings /environment, it is very popular in big cities.
- 体育锻炼不仅强身健体，还有助于心理愉快。
Physical training results in / leads to both a strong body and a happy mind.
Physical training can make people strong and happy.
- 计算机使得我们的工作、学习、生产，乃至我们的整个社会发生了巨大的变化。
Computers have brought about great changes to our work, life and production, even to the whole society of ours.
Computers have made our work, life and production, even our whole society, change greatly.
Computers have resulted in / caused / led to great changes in our work, life, production and even the whole society.
常见问题
医博英语写作中如何正确使用result in和result from？
result in表示“导致”，主语是原因，宾语是结果（如Poor management resulted in problems）；result from表示“由……引起”，主语是结果，宾语是原因（如Problems resulted from poor management）。
表达“造成”时，cause和make有什么区别？
cause后接to do不定式（cause sb. to do sth.），语气较正式；make后接省略to的不定式（make sb. do sth.），更口语化，但在学术写作中cause更常见。
如何将中文隐含因果句转化为英文？
需添加连接词（如because, due to）、副词（如consequently）或重构句式（如使用so...that结构），使逻辑关系显性化，避免简单并列句。
表达“影响”时，affect、effect和impact有何不同？
affect通常作动词，表示“影响”；effect多作名词，指“效果”；impact可作名词或动词，在正式写作中常作名词（have an impact on）。
参考资料
医博英语考试大纲与写作能力要求
国家医学考试中心发布的考试指导文件，强调逻辑表达与学术语言运用。
学术英语写作中的因果逻辑表达
常见于医学英语教材，如《Medical English Communication》等，涵盖cause-effect结构教学。