韧带、肌腱和关节，世界杯期间绕不开的话题

小白老师说：世界杯如火如荼，各国球队都在全力以赴力争打出最好状态。最让人担心的就是球员伤病，大部分球员因状态能力、年龄以及教练技战术要求，普遍只能参加 2-3 届世界杯。万一在世界杯遭遇伤病困扰，于球员就好比梦境破碎般的打击。而提到伤病，韧带、肌腱和关节都是绕不开的话题，小白老师带大家从医学视角来围观一下世界杯。

本文其实是小白老师的 APP “医博英语” 上的一篇视听素材的字幕，非常精彩的英文原版视频，大家可以移步 APP 收看。还没有下载 APP 同学可点击下方蓝字查看详情**▼**

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Ligaments, Tendons and Joints

Ligaments（韧带） and tendons（肌腱） are types of extra strong and dense connective tissues.

Ligaments connect bones to other bones, and tendons connect muscle to bone.

And the point where one bone articulates（由关节连接） or meets up with another is called a joint（关节）.

Now, there are different types of joints found throughout the body, and the first type is called synarthroses, which areimmovable（不动的） joints where two bones are fused（融合） together.

For example, you’ll find these types of joints in the skull.

When you were a baby, your skull（头骨） was made up of a bunch of different pieces that grew as your brain grew.

And then, as an adult, the joints between these bones then fused and became synarthroses（不动关节）.

The next type of joint is called an amphiarthroses（丛和关节）.

Amphi- meaning it’s both stiff（僵硬的） but also slightly movable.

And an example of amphiarthroses would be your vertebral joints（椎关节）.

And then finally, we have what are synovial joints（滑膜关节）, which are also known as diarthroses（动关节）, of which there are a couple different types.

One type, for example, is the ball and socket synovial joint（ 球窝滑膜关节）, and you’ll find examples of ball and socket joints in your shoulders or in your hips.

These are joints that have many degrees of motion.

And then, another type of synovial joint is the hinge joint（屈戍关节）.

An example of a hinge joint would be, say, your elbow or your knee where that joint pretty much moves in just one plane, like the hinge of a door.

Now, synovial joints are named so because they are lubricated（使润滑） by a fluid called synovial fluid, which is contained within the synovial capsule（关节囊滑膜） that surrounds the whole joint.

Now, the surfaces of bones that meet up in a joint are lined by a special kind of smooth cartilage called articular cartilage, which is composed of specifically hyaline cartilage（透明软骨）.

And articular cartilage（关节软骨）, like all cartilage, is avascular, meaning it lacks any sort of vasculature or blood vessels.

And so, it has a hard time getting the nutrients it needs to heal and recover if it were to become damaged by overuse or infection.

And as you might be somewhat familiar with, the overuse of joints over time can lead to inflammation（炎症）, which is called arthritis（关节炎）, from arth- meaning joint, and -itis meaning inflammation.

And this can lead to permanent destruction of articular cartilage, which causes the pain and stiffness of arthritis.