临床带教英语会话|骨髓穿刺
摘要: 骨髓穿刺(bone marrow puncture)是一种通过穿刺针从骨髓腔中抽取少量骨髓液进行病理学检查的临床操作,常用于血液系统疾病的诊断与评估。操作通常选择髂后上棘作为穿刺点,并在局部麻醉下进行,以减轻患者不适。该过程需严格无菌操作,并由具备相应技能的医务人员执行。
- 骨髓穿刺常用部位为髂后上棘,两岁以下儿童可选腓骨,胸骨较少使用。
- 操作前需对穿刺部位进行规范消毒,并采用分层局部麻醉以减少疼痛。
- 穿刺过程中,突破骨膜时会有明显手感,是判断进针深度的重要标志。
- 术后患者需保持穿刺部位干燥一周,避免感染。
- 抽出的骨髓液应立即制片并送检,以保证检验结果的准确性。

小白老师说:只要每天进步一点点就够了,时间长了,你一样可以把大多数人甩在身后。医学英语会话系列文章,希望能让大家读了即会,会了即用,不慌不忙,张口就来。应大家要求,专门录制了音频。****
Resident: Mrs. Blake, please prepare for the marrow puncture. It’s your turn next.
护院医师:Blake 太太,请准备一下,接下来就轮到你做骨髓穿刺了。
Patient: OK. What should I do?
病人:好的,我该准备些什么呢?
Resident: Don’t be so nervous. It won’t be painful. It will be algetic, when I’m injecting the anesthetic. But you may feel sore during the bone puncture.
住院医师:别紧张,不会很痛的。只是打麻药的时候有点痛,穿刺时只会有点酸胀感觉。
Patient: Well, I get it.
病人:好的,我明白了。
A few minutes later. 几分钟后。
Resident: Pull down your pants and explore your ilium, please. Then, lie on the left side and curl up your legs. Very good. It will be finished in a moment. Please take it easy. (Turn to Doctor B) Please give a hand, Dr. Shepherd Open a puncture pack for me.
住院医师:请脱下裤子,露出髂骨。向左边侧卧,把腿蜷起来。很好,别紧张,一会儿就好了。(转向实习医生)帮一下忙,Shepherd 医生,帮我打开穿刺包。
Intern: OK. Shall I sterilize the ilium?
实习医生:好的,要我消毒髂骨部位的皮肤吗?
Resident: Fine. Please describe the exact puncture position first.
住院医师:好的,请你先描述一下确切的穿刺部位。
Intern: Yes. We can puncture the sternum, the front and back thorn of the ilium, and the fibula if the patient is younger than two years old. However, usually we take the back thorn of the ilium.
实习医生:好的。我们可以选择胸骨、髂骨前后上棘做骨髓穿刺。此外,两岁以下幼儿可以选择腓骨。但是通常我们选用髂后上棘。
Resident: Very good. I hope that you can also grip the skill of practice. The sterilization is very important. You can touch the back thorn of the ilium first and mark it. Then use atlansil and sterilize the puncture range from inside to the outside.
住院医师:很好!你已经掌握了理论知识,我希望你也能掌握实践技能。对穿刺部位的消毒十分重要。摸准髂骨后上棘后,做好记号,然后用胺碘酮从里到外消毒穿刺部位。
Intern: I see. I will be indeed careful.
实习医生:明白,我会很小心的。
After sterilizing, the Intern flattens the puncture cloth.
消毒后,实习医生铺巾。
Resident: What shall we do next?
住院医师:接下来我们该做什么呢?
Intern: Puncture, I suppose.
实习医生:我想应该穿刺了吧。
Resident: Don’t forget to inject the anesthetic. This process can be divided into two procedures. Firstly, inject it into the skin and muscle. Secondly, the acicula should be perforate the periosteum and be pushed into the bone with anaesthetic being injected. After a few minutes the anaesthetic will play the role.
住院医师:可别忘记打麻药了。麻醉的过程可以分成两步。首先,在皮肤和肌肉下注射,然后针穿透骨膜,打入麻药。等几分钟,让麻药发挥作用。
Intern: Oh, it is so complicated.
实习医生:噢,还真的挺复杂的。
Resident: Ok. We can puncture now. When the puncture acicula perforates the periosteum, you can feel it clearly. Take out 1 ml marrow and make into marrow smear as soon as possible. Will you send them to the clinical laboratory for me?
住院医师:现在我们可以做穿刺了。当穿刺针突破骨膜的时候,你会有明显的感觉。抽出 1 毫升骨髓,尽快推片制成骨髓片。你帮我把它送到检验科,好吗?
Intern: OK. I will do it right now.
实习医生:好的,我马上就去。
Resident: Thank you. (Turn to the patient.) Mrs. Blake, it is finished. Don’t wash the puncture position for a week. Let me send you to the ward.
住院医师:谢谢。(转向病人)Blake 太太,骨髓穿刺做好了。一周内骨髓穿刺部位不要浸水。我送你到病房吧。
Patient: I get it. Thanks a lot. When can I get the report?
病人:好,谢谢!我什么时候可以看到报告?
Resident: About a week.
住院医师:大约一周。
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常见问题
骨髓穿刺疼吗?
在规范操作下,骨髓穿刺不会很痛。打麻药时会有短暂刺痛,穿刺时多为酸胀感,多数患者可耐受。
骨髓穿刺一般选哪个部位?
成人通常选择髂后上棘,因其骨皮质较薄、操作安全;两岁以下幼儿可考虑腓骨;胸骨因风险较高,现已少用。
穿刺后需要注意什么?
穿刺部位一周内不能沾水,避免剧烈活动,注意观察有无红肿、渗液等感染迹象。
骨髓穿刺的目的是什么?
主要用于诊断白血病、贫血、骨髓增生异常综合征等血液系统疾病,也可评估治疗效果或疾病分期。
参考资料
临床骨髓穿刺操作规范
参考临床医学教材及操作指南,如《诊断学》人民卫生出版社
骨髓穿刺术的适应症与并发症
内容依据标准临床实践共识整理